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giovedì 18 gennaio 2007



Il campionato mondiale degli scacchi fu istituito nel 1886 e fino al 1948 i campioni furono uno statunitense (Steinitz), un tedesco (Lasker), un cubano (Capablanca), un russo emigrato (Alekhine) e un olandese (Euwe). Il regno sovietico iniziò con Mikhail Botvinnik, che conquistò il titolo nel 1948 e lo mantenne fino al 1963, pur perdendolo brevemente due volte, e diventando cosí l'unico giocatore ad aver ottenuto la corona mondiale tre volte. Da allora il dominio sovietico è stato infranto una sola volta, da Bobby Fisher.

Nella sua autobiografia Raggiungere l'obiettivo Botvinnik racconta come nel 1924, subito dopo la fine della guerra civile, l'Unione Sovietica decise di propagandare gli scacchi come un vero e proprio sport per la gioventù, e ci riuscí nel giro di pochi anni. A partire dagli anni '30 i giocatori sovietici divennero "ambasciatori sportivi'' della rivoluzione, e i campioni entrarono a far parte della nomenklatura.

Botvinnik si preparò a lungo a sfidare il "rinnegato'' Alekhine, che non solo viveva in Francia, ma era stato addirittura collaboratore del governo di Vichy. Quando il match era ormai organizzato, nel 1946 il campione in carica morí e si portò il titolo nella tomba. La FIDE organizzò allora un campionato fra i sei migliori giocatori del mondo e Botvinnik lo vinse nella simbolica data del 9 maggio 1948, anniversario della vittoria sul nazismo.

Il gioco del nuovo campione del mondo era diabolico e riusciva a ingigantire i vantaggi propri e gli svantaggi altrui. Almeno in due occasioni Botvinnik salvò il suo titolo in maniera rocambolesca, trovando nella notte modi per pareggiare partite che ormai erano date per perse, e lo stesso successe una volta con Fisher.

Quest'ultimo match ebbe un seguito "teorico'', con due studi pubblicati dai due campioni: quello di Botvinnik intendeva dimostrare che c'era una strategia per il pareggio; quello di Fisher che c'era invece una mossa vincente. Gli esperti sembrarono dare ragione a Fisher, ma molti anni dopo Botvinnik fece studiare la partita come esercizio a un suo studente tredicenne di nome Kasparov, che trovò un modo nuovo per pareggiare.

L'episodio mostra che gli scacchi sono un'attività molto più simile alla Matematica che allo sport: dopo una vittoria o una sconfitta, ci si dedica non a inconcludenti lamentele controfattuali su pali, falli, rigori e arbitri ma a rigorose dimostrazioni di quali mosse sarebbe stato meglio giocare. Naturalmente, essendo gli scacchi anche uno sport, gli studi vanno presi cum granu salis.

Ad esempio, proprio Botvinnik ne pubblicò da giovane uno sulla difesa Gruenfeld, nel quale non parlò però di una mossa promettente per il nero che aveva trovato come arginare. Quando il grande maestro Spielmann giocò la mossa contro Botvinnik in una partita, credendo di sorprenderlo, il russo rispose immediatamente nella maniera corretta e vinse la partita in sole 12 mosse.

Botvinnik scrisse estesamente sul metodo da lui adottato (in teoria e in pratica, nei suoi studi e nelle sue partite) e che altro non era se non il famoso minimax della Teoria dei giochi: cercare, cioè, di salvare il salvabile ed evitare il peggio, minimizzando la massima perdita. Oggi la cosa suona ovvia, visto che il metodo è usato in tutti i programmi per giocare a scacchi, a partire dalla famosa analisi di Shannon nel 1949. Ma Botvinnik ci arrivò per conto proprio, grazie al suo dottorato in Ingegneria elettronica.

Quando, nel 1958, l'ex campione mondiale Euwe gli chiese se pensava che un giorno le macchine avrebbero giocato meglio degli uomini, cioè di loro due, Botvinnik rispose immediatamente di sí. E dopo aver perso il titolo nel 1963 si dedicò a sviluppare programmi "strategici'' che formalizzassero il modo di giocare di un campione, cioè il suo.

L'obiettivo era chiaramente delineato nell'articolo Storia di un alberello: "tutti sanno che un giocatore non sviluppa tutte le possibili variazioni e non analizza tutte le possibili mosse. In ogni data situazione, un giocatore esamina da due a quattro mosse che sceglie intuitivamente, sulla base della sua esperienza. Durante una partita di una quarantina di mosse, ne vengono analizzate in tutto un centinaio.''

In parte, questo ambizioso obiettivo era dettato dalla limitatezza tecnologica dei computer del tempo, che potevano soltanto analizzare alcune posizioni al minuto. Era dunque imperativo sfrondare l'albero di tutte le possibilità teoriche, fino a farlo diventare l'alberello a cui alludeva il titolo dell'articolo. Facendo di questa necessità virtù, Botvinnik sviluppò PIONEER, un programma di sorprendente efficacia, e contribuí alla creazione di KAISSA, che vinse nel 1974 il primo campionato del mondo per programmi.

Ritornando sull'argomento qualche anno dopo, Botvinnik dichiarava: "il cervello umano ha molte meno risorse di un computer. Matematicamente un computer può risolvere un numero enorme di equazioni e un programma può certamente battere un uomo. Ma se un programma riuscisse ad analizzare soltanto le mosse migliori, l'uomo non lo vedrebbe neppure.''

In altre parole, c'è una bella differenza tra scrivere un programma che sfrutti la potenza del computer per giocare meglio di noi, e sfruttare la potenza del cervello per scrivere un programma che giochi come noi.


Capablanca

Con il passare del tempo e l'aumentare della potenza dei computer, le necessità che costringevano Botvinnik a fare della scienza sono venute meno, l'Informatica si è purtroppo concentrata sulla tecnologia. I programmi per gli scacchi hanno dapprima battuto un maestro internazionale (David Levy, nel 1978), poi un grande maestro (Bent Larsen, nel 1988) e infine un campione mondiale (Gary Kasparov, nel 1997): combinando l'analisi in profondità delle mosse con una valutazione in estensione dei pezzi e degli schieramenti, essi riescono ormai a simulare perfettamente il gioco umano e a riprodurne i massimi risultati.

Naturalmente il vero interesse starebbe nell'emulare il gioco umano e riprodurne i processi, come sognava Botvinnik, perchè questo ci direbbe qualcosa di nuovo sulla mente dello scacchista e, più in generale, dell'uomo. Il miglior risultato in questa direzione rimane, per ora, quello ottenuto il 3 agosto 1977 da PIONEER: l'analisi di un difficile problema di Nadareishvili e la sua completa soluzione con un albero di sole 200 mosse (vedi, ad esempio, Ludek Pachman e Vas Kühnmund, Computer Chess, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986, o David Levy e Monty Newborn, How computers play chess, Freeman & Company, 1991). Il fatto che i moderni programmi trovino la soluzione dello stesso problema esaminando milioni di mosse è emblematico della differenza tra la profondità del progetto dell'Artificiale Intelligente e la superficialità delle realizzazioni dell'Intelligenza Artificiale.

Ultimo aggiornamento ( venerdì 19 gennaio 2007 )
 
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61 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180313 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180313 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180313 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
62 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180313) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
63 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180314 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180314 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180314 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
64 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180314) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
65 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180315 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180315 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180315 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
66 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180315) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
67 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180316 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180316 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180316 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
68 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180316) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
69 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180317 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180317 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180317 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
70 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180317) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
71 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180318 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180318 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180318 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
72 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180318) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
73 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180319 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180319 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180319 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
74 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180319) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
75 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180320 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180320 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180320 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
76 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180320) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
77 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180321 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180321 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180321 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
78 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180321) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
79 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180322 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180322 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180322 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
80 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180322) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
81 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180323 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180323 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180323 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
82 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180323) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
83 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180324 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180324 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180324 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
84 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180324) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
85 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180325 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180325 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180325 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
86 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180325) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
87 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180326 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180326 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180326 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
88 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180326) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
89 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180327 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180327 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180327 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
90 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180327) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
91 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180328 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180328 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180328 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
92 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180328) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
93 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180329 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180329 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180329 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
94 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180329) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
95 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180330 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180330 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180330 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
96 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180330) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
97 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180331 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20180331 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20180331 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
98 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20180331) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
99 SELECT m.* FROM chess_menu AS m WHERE menutype = 'mainmenu' AND published = 1 AND access <= 0 ORDER BY parent, ordering
100 SELECT m.* FROM chess_menu AS m WHERE menutype = 'usermenu' AND published = 1 AND access <= 0 ORDER BY parent, ordering
101 SELECT COUNT( id ) AS count_users FROM chess_users
102 SELECT COUNT( id ) AS count_items FROM chess_content
103 SELECT COUNT( id ) AS count_links FROM chess_weblinks WHERE published = 1
104 SELECT SUM( hits ) AS count FROM chess_stats_agents WHERE type = 1