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Home arrow Articoli arrow Strategia arrow Le 7 Regole in Apertura di Aaron Nimzowitsch
Le 7 Regole in Apertura di Aaron Nimzowitsch PDF Stampa E-mail
sabato 17 febbraio 2007

LE 7 REGOLE IN APERTURA (da "Il mio sistema" di Aron Nimzowitsch).

 



1) Lo sviluppo è l' avanzamento delle forze verso la linea di confine: divide la quarta traversa dalla quinta. Muovere i pezzi non significa gioco sviluppato: pochi combattenti non intraprendono campagne vittoriose se gli altri restano a casa. Un pezzo è sviluppato quando in una mossa raggiunge una casa centrale. Lo sviluppo è completo quando le Torri sono collegate E occupano una colonna aperta, semiaperta, o sostengono una spinta di rottura. Quando arriva il momento di chiedersi "Quale Torre? Dove? Perché?" è importante essere il più precisi possibile: la perdita di almeno un tempo a causa della TORRE SBAGLIATA compromette iniziativa e posizione, ed è quel tipo di errore le cui conseguenze nefaste tendono ad aumentare.

2) Le mosse di pedone in sè non sono di sviluppo, ma di aiuto: la forza dei pedoni è minima rispetto a quella dei pezzi, e quindi dovremmo preoccuparci di sviluppare questi ultimi PER PRIMI . Il centro di pedoni evita che i nostri pezzi già sviluppati vengano fatti arretrare. Sono debolezze quelle case non controllabili con almeno un pedone.

3) Perseguire il vantaggio di sviluppo: si guadagna tempo attaccando una figura nemica già sviluppata che deve retrocedere. L' iniziativa legata al tratto è un vantaggio piccolo, ma può essere molto duratura, acquisisce progressiva importanza nel mediogioco, ed è spesso decisiva in finale.

4) Cambio seguito da guadagno di tempo: inseguire i pezzi nemici per scambiarli costa troppi tempi. Quando invece è l' avversario a ricercare le semplificazioni, spesso si può occupare l' avamposto agognato senza troppe mosse preparatorie. Non mantenere ad oltranza la simmetria. Le colonne aperte servono per invadere e non per scambiare le Torri.

5) Liquidare con sviluppo e liberazione: quando l' avversario ostacola il vostro sviluppo servono cure radicali. Non semplificare mai con perdita di tempi, e con prudenza se in vantaggio di spazio.

6) Il centro mobile di pedoni: è terribile quando ricaccia i pezzi avversari verso posizioni inferiori. Due pedoni affiancati sulla loro quarta non si devono lasciare indisturbati, sulla quinta (sempre loro) sono già mortali. Non si altera un centro superiore solo per guadagnare spazio, perché ne risulterebbero retrovie scarsamente protette.

7) In apertura niente caccia al pedone, tranne quello centrale: nulla di commestibile costa più di 2 tempi. Mobilitare le forze in apertura è di gran lunga più importante. Nei gambetti teorizzati si restituisce il bottino se lo sviluppo ne soffre. Le contorsioni difensive sono premessa di sconfitta. Il guadagno di materiale è attraente, ma spesso si trascura che un pedone in meno = una colonna semiaperta in più a disposizione delle Torri avversarie.

IL GIUDIZIO POSIZIONALE: HO UN VANTAGGIO?

La domanda è tanto semplice ed ingenua quanto la risposta esaustiva può essere purtroppo complessa ed articolata. Consideriamo quattro elementi in ordine di importanza per l' INIZIATIVA:

1) Sicurezza del Re; 2) Attività dei pezzi; 3) Struttura pedonale; 4) Finale. Mentre i primi due hanno un carattere provvisorio e il vantaggio si sfrutta in modo dinamico e brutale, badando a tattica ed economia dei tempi, gli altri hanno invece un carattere permanente, per cui il vantaggio è legato alla cauta "inesorabilità" di piano di gioco e strategia, meglio se in superiorità di materiale, ma senza gravi conseguenze per uno o due tempi in meno. Finite queste quattro valutazioni, bisogna elencare le MOSSE CANDIDATE, distinguendole in due tipi:

1) Complesse, che enfatizzano gli aspetti tattici, richiedono la massima precisione possibile, sono molto dispendiose in termini di tempo sull' orologio e di risorse psicofisiche;

2) Solide, che privilegiano invece le considerazioni strategiche a lungo termine, sono più intuitive, richiedono meno calcoli. Ora che la domanda del titolo ha una sua risposta parziale, bisogna chiedersi ancora se i risultati ottenuti rimangono validi per quelle trasformazioni irreversibili della posizione che "aumentano l' entropia" del sistema: le spinte di pedone e le catture. La miglior struttura pedonale è quella di partenza (sono inalterate tutte le possibilità offensive e difensive), purtroppo si deteriora progressivamente durante la partita: questo fattore negativo DEVE essere compensato da un aumento dell' attività dei pezzi, altrimenti è un buon passo verso la sconfitta. I "buchi" sono tutte quelle case che non sono più controllabili con almeno un pedone, e il loro numero aumenta in modo proporzionale al vantaggio di spazio. Per quanto riguarda le catture, i pezzi hanno un valore nominale, ne acquisiscono uno di mercato con il completamento dello sviluppo e con la pianificazione, o addirittura uno di speculazione dopo un sacrificio: è raro che uno scambio sia proprio equivalente, e semplificare costa almeno un tempo, che in qualche modo deve essere ripagato con miglior gioco dei pezzi rimasti o con risanamento pedonale. Tra posizioni dello stesso valore, vantaggi e svantaggi tendono a compensarsi mossa dopo mossa, finchè uno dei giocatori non sbaglia: si rompe l' equilibrio e l' iniziativa diventa attacco. Questo non vuol dire che il risultato è acquisito, ma che gli elementi dinamici prevalgono nettamente per l' aggressore, mentre quelli statici per il difensore. Anche le mosse candidate cambiano, in prevalenza complesse per il primo, mentre per il secondo prevalgono mosse solide. Il giocatore che ha vantaggio in tutti e quattro gli elementi si appresta a vincere: esistono ancora motivi per continuare, ma sono di natura estranea alla posizione sulla scacchiera. Abbandonando non si salva nessun risultato utile: vedremo in seguito perchè e fino a quando alimentare le speranze residue. Per il momento basta sapere che è meglio anticipare la sconfitta tendendo la trappolaccia nelle complicazioni piuttosto che resistere ad oltranza, con possibilità di controgioco nulle in una posizione "tecnicamente" persa. La pratica nei tornei porterà a considerare aspetti agonistici che esulano dalle partite: si segua la propria sensibilità personale!


 
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64 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181114) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
65 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181115 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181115 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181115 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
66 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181115) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
67 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181116 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181116 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181116 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
68 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181116) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
69 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181117 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181117 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181117 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
70 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181117) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
71 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181118 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181118 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181118 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
72 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181118) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
73 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181119 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181119 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181119 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
74 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181119) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
75 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181120 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181120 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181120 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
76 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181120) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
77 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181121 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181121 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181121 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
78 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181121) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
79 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181122 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181122 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181122 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
80 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181122) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
81 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181123 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181123 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181123 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
82 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181123) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
83 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181124 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181124 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181124 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
84 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181124) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
85 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181125 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181125 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181125 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
86 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181125) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
87 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181126 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181126 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181126 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
88 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181126) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
89 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181127 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181127 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181127 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
90 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181127) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
91 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181128 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181128 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181128 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
92 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181128) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
93 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181129 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181129 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181129 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
94 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181129) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
95 SELECT e.extid, start_date, end_date from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE ( ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181130 AND DATE_FORMAT(e.end_date,'%Y%m%d') >= 20181130 ) OR ( DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') = 20181130 ) ) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type = ''ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
96 SELECT e.extid, recur_type, recur_val, recur_until, start_date, end_date, recur_end_type, recur_count from chess_extcal_events AS e LEFT JOIN chess_extcal_categories AS c ON e.cat=c.cat_id WHERE (DATE_FORMAT(e.start_date,'%Y%m%d') <= 20181130) AND c.published = '1' AND approved = '1' AND recur_type <> '' ORDER BY start_date,title ASC
97 SELECT m.* FROM chess_menu AS m WHERE menutype = 'mainmenu' AND published = 1 AND access <= 0 ORDER BY parent, ordering
98 SELECT m.* FROM chess_menu AS m WHERE menutype = 'usermenu' AND published = 1 AND access <= 0 ORDER BY parent, ordering
99 SELECT COUNT( id ) AS count_users FROM chess_users
100 SELECT COUNT( id ) AS count_items FROM chess_content
101 SELECT COUNT( id ) AS count_links FROM chess_weblinks WHERE published = 1
102 SELECT SUM( hits ) AS count FROM chess_stats_agents WHERE type = 1